Sociedad de Ganadores Élite
Esto es particularmente cierto en el mercado de trabajo, como muestran DiPrete y coautores para el caso de la remuneración de altos ejecutivos. La noción de mérito y sus premios asociados es, en otras palabras, contingente al orden social y sus estructuras de poder.
Toda meritocracia es, por tanto, potencialmente —algunos dirán inevitablemente— una estructura de opresión, una forma de perpetuar desigualdades y privilegios. En tercer lugar , un sistema meritocrático tiene el problema de que tiende a generar escenarios en que los ganadores se llevan todos los premios lo que la ciencia política estadounidense llama sociedades y política winner-take-all , Frank y Cook ; Hacker y Pierson Los mecanismos de asignación de compensación al mérito, como sea que éste sea definido esto, como ya vimos, es problemático en sí mismo , también afectan los grados de equidad al final del juego.
Obvía, en resumen, el carácter circular del juego, en que los ganadores definen las reglas del próximo partido. No es de extrañar entonces que tras un par de ciclos los ganadores se llevan todos los premios.
No es que la cancha esté dispareja, es que el juego está arreglado. En el Chile actual, más que emparejar la cancha, hay que echar abajo el estadio y construirlo de nuevo, para jugar otro juego, con otras reglas, definidas por otros actores. De eso se trataron las movilizaciones sociales de y de eso se tratan las demandas por una nueva Constitución.
Esto es lo que estará en juego en la política de los años por venir. Una vez que se han asignado los premios, ¿qué pasa con los perdedores?
La respuesta sólo puede ser: porque no se esforzaron son flojos o porque habiéndose esforzado sus capacidades no fueron suficientes son tontos. Esto es precisamente lo que sustenta la crítica tras los discursos de los alumnos González y Hudson citados en la primera columna de esta serie.
Una sociedad meritocrática no reduce necesariamente el porcentaje de pobreza, sino que garantiza que el porcentaje de personas que terminan en pobreza nacidos en comunas como Vitacura sea igual que el porcentaje que termina en pobreza entre los nacidos en Arica.
Un cuarto problema es que una sociedad organizada en torno a la idea de meritocracia corre el riesgo de erosionar las bases democráticas de la convivencia. La democracia es, en su definición más simple, la organización de las decisiones colectivas en torno al principio de igualdad entre todos los participantes.
Es, aplicada a la organización nacional, el gobierno del pueblo, y en él participan tanto los talentosos como los más desaventajados, los esforzados y los flojos, los aptos y los ineptos.
No puede ser, en resumen, sólo una burocracia. En el Chile postdictatorial, la élite gobernante de derecha e izquierda ha convencido al pueblo de que en democracia mandan la ley y las instituciones, no la gente.
Y si mandan las instituciones, entonces manda la élite tecnocrática que, como en toda burocracia que —desde Weber en adelante— se precie de moderna, se estructura en torno a la noción de mérito. Nos han convencido, como dice el cientista social Eduardo Rojas, de que en Chile no manda el pueblo, sino la élite, y que así es como debe ser.
Es una nueva élite, mezcla de aristocracia tradicional, nuevo empresariado y expertos del Estado, pero élite al fin. Así, nos dicen, es como debe lucir un país moderno. Es, sin embargo, un país eminentemente no deliberativo. En el Chile meritocrático las instituciones funcionan, y la democracia sobrevive en sus márgenes.
Finalmente , una sociedad meritocrática, basada en la idea de igualdad de oportunidades al nacer, presenta un serio problema de factibilidad en el mediano y largo plazo. Puesta a funcionar, esta sociedad distribuiría premios desiguales, dando más a los más talentosos y esforzados, como manda el principio meritocrático.
Si así fuera, ¿cómo garantizar que los hijos de dicha generación posean la misma suerte que sus padres, que jueguen bajo el mismo sistema? Sería necesario, claro está, impedir que el éxito fracaso de sus padres constituya des ventaja alguna en sus vidas.
De no impedirlo, la cancha está nuevamente dispareja. Pero hacerlo, quitaría a los padres y madres de esta generación los bienes que la misma sociedad entregó como premio a su esfuerzo y talento, removiendo así los incentivos propios de un sistema basado en la competencia.
Incluso los más fervientes y consistentes defensores de la meritocracia liberal dan, tarde o temprano, cuenta de esta limitación.
Pero los astutos ricos se están convirtiendo en una élite atrincherada. Tomando prestada la jerga de la tradición de izquierdas, el orden meritocrático sufre de contradicciones internas en sus principios de operación, que le son constitutivas y que tienden a subvertirlo.
No hay meritocracia sustentable. Atria, F. DiPrete, T. Eirich y M. American Journal of Sociology 6 — Durán, G. Frank, R. The winner-take-all society: Why the Few at the Top Get So Much More Than the Rest of U. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Hacker, J. Winner-Take-All Politics. New York. NY: Simon and Schuster. López, R. Figueroa B. Gutiérrez C. Serie de Documentos de Trabajo, Departamento de Economía U.
de Chile — McLeod, O. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter Edition. It was also revealed that the fifth season is being shot back-to-back with the fourth season.
By 22 December , filming for the season had already wrapped. Filming for the eighth season began on 7 August and concluded on 20 December in the same year. Lynn Fainchtein serves as the music supervisor of the series. In May , Netflix announced EliteWeek, a week-long special of short episodes that act as a prelude to the fourth season titled Elite: Short Stories.
The stories are set to "expand the Elite universe. In the four stories, different plots of some of the most veteran students of Las Encinas and newer ones will be explored, revealing what they have been up to in the last summer before starting their new school year. The stories are set between the events of the third and the fourth season.
In October , Netflix announced three new stories, set during the holiday season, will be released in December of that year. These three episodes are set between the events of the fourth and the fifth season.
On 24 September , during the fourth TUDUM Fan Event , Netflix announced an official Indian adaptation of Elite titled Class. The story is based in New Delhi's upscale school, Hampton International, where three new students from starkly different backgrounds challenge the existing dynamics at the elite enclave and their lives are immeasurably changed by the events that occur there.
The Indian adaptation of the show follows the same premise as Elite , but the screenplay has incorporated many changes to keep in mind an Indian audience. Produced by Bodhitree Multimedia Limited, and directed by Ashim Ahluwalia , Class will star Gurfateh Pirzada, Ayesha Kanga, Chayan Chopra, Anjali Sivaraman, Chintan Rach, Madhyama Segal, Cyaawal Singh, Naina Bhan, Moses Koul, Piyush Khati and Zeyn Shaw.
Netflix released Class on 3 February The first season of Elite was met with critical acclaim. The website's critical consensus reads, " Elite is highly digestible, technically strong trash TV for anyone with a guilty pleasure palate.
Natalie Winkelman from The Daily Beast gave the first season a positive review, saying that "with Euro-cool style and compelling characters, Elite is trashy, diverting fun. But a Spanish prep school is seductive terra incognita" in the positive review.
Élite does indeed include countless teen show clichés, but it also relishes the opportunity to dig a bit deeper and twist them into more interesting shapes. It interrogates the very tropes it indulges by finding new gears in old plot engines.
And with the addition of a smart flashback structure keeping its central murder mystery afloat, Darío Madrona and Carlos Montero's drama quickly proves addictive.
Writing for Variety , Caroline Framke also comments on the series' use of tropes. She notes that being introduced to the show as a combination of many other teen dramas, she was concerned that taking on so many tropes would make it "an overstuffed Frankenstein of a show", but that she was quickly proven wrong when watching it.
Framke compares many of the characters' individual plots to other high school series and films. Of these, she finds the "love triangle between Marina, Samuel, and his brother Nano [to be] one of the show's only duller features".
He gave the first season an 8. In a similar take, Lena Finkel of Femestella looked at how the series was different to many of its counterparts by how it tackled contentious issues.
Finkel lists explicitly examples, including that when Elite has sex scenes, they are often about the woman's pleasure; that a character who believes abortion is murder is still pro-choice ; that when a male character is come onto by a drunk girl that he likes, he sends her home; that it explores social and class differences when young people come out ; that the gay male sex scene is sensual as well as explicit; and that it features characters including a young man unashamedly nervous to lose his virginity and a straight, white, wealthy, woman who is HIV-positive.
Also looking at how the series addresses diverse issues and modern society, Grazia Middle East wrote about the representation of Nadia.
Writer Olivia Adams says that the show explores some of the more everyday struggles of racial discrimination towards Muslims by having Nadia be forced to remove her headscarf in school, something that has been considered at some real schools in Europe.
She also notes how the home life of the Muslim family is explored, not just the teenagers' interrelations, giving a fuller view. Genevieve van Voorhis of Bustle notes that the series can feel aesthetically more like a horror than a teen drama as it pairs "wide shots of the school [that] are almost Wes Anderson-like in their color coordination and perfect 90 degree angles" with eerie music.
Kathryn VanArendonk of Vulture stated in a positive review of the series that though " Elite is not pushing new boundaries in television, it's not a self-serious reboot of an old property" and that "in spite of that — or more likely because of it!
The website's critical consensus reads, " Elite is back for another entertaining, edge-of-your-seat mystery that succeeds thanks to charismatic characters and a bloody plot that doesn't take itself too seriously. Framke also notes that Netflix in the United States [y] automatically defaults to the show with an English dub , and suggests changing the audio back to its original European Spanish for the best experience.
On Rotten Tomatoes , the fourth season has three critic reviews. The three reviews are all "Fresh". On Rotten Tomatoes , the sixth season has three critic reviews.
The three reviews are "Rotten". On 17 January , Netflix announced that the series the first season had been streamed by over 20 million accounts within its first month of release. After Netflix posted an image of gay characters Omar and Ander to Instagram , it received homophobic comments.
The streaming service responded to one with rainbow emojis. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.
Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. Spanish teen drama television series. This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions.
November Learn how and when to remove this template message. Thriller Teen drama. Carlos Montero Darío Madrona. Carlos Montero Darío Madrona Diego Betancor Iñaki Juaristi. Main article: List of Elite characters. Danna Paola , Jaime Lorente , Georgina Amorós , and Ester Expósito L-R had already starred in Netflix-distributed works before being cast in the Netflix original series.
Main article: List of Elite episodes. Season Episodes Originally released 1 8 5 October 2 8 6 September 3 8 13 March 4 8 18 June 5 8 8 April 6 8 18 November 7 8 20 October He provides uncredited vocals in season 3.
She is also a main cast member in Short Stories. Archive sound of him from season 6 was used in the first episodes of season 7. She is credited in the second, third, fifth and eighth episodes. Lo más sencillo es complicarlo todo is a Mexican film that streams on Netflix; Money Heist is a Spanish television series from channel Antena 3 that was distributed on Netflix, with more seasons later produced by Netflix as an original; and Welcome to the Family is a Catalan series from channel TV3, its first season streams on Netflix.
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Archived from the original on 7 April Retrieved 10 October The Netflix Teen Drama Is Marathon Worthy". Archived from the original on 11 January Retrieved 10 January Archived from the original on 25 April Retrieved 6 February Archived from the original on 18 October The Hollywood Reporter.
Archived from the original on 13 July Retrieved 11 January IGN España in European Spanish. Archived from the original on 3 October Retrieved 18 January Archived from the original on 17 October Deadline Hollywood.
Retrieved 18 October Archived from the original on 2 January Retrieved 29 August Archived from the original on 5 October Retrieved 5 October Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 18 December La Vanguardia in Spanish.
Archived from the original on 18 February Retrieved 18 February El Español in Spanish. Archived from the original on 30 January Retrieved 20 January FormulaTV in Spanish.
Archived from the original on 2 March T13 in Spanish. Archived from the original on 31 July Retrieved 22 May Archived from the original on 25 February Retrieved 25 February Archived from the original on 12 April Retrieved 12 April With This Original Star Returning". TV Fanatic.
Archived from the original on 13 December Retrieved 13 December Omar Ayuso Will Return for 'Élite' Season 7". Netflix Tudum. Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on 29 March pe in Spanish. Archived from the original on 6 January Archived from the original on 6 April mx 23 December com 28 January Archived from the original on 16 October Retrieved 28 January es in Spanish.
Archived from the original on 23 May Retrieved 20 May com in Spanish. Retrieved 7 July Nueva temporada confirmada". Crush News in Spanish. Archived from the original on 23 December Retrieved 30 December Archived from the original on 28 December Danna Paola desvela el motivo por el que abandonó 'Élite' tras el final de su temporada 3".
Espinof in Spanish. Archived from the original on 24 March Retrieved 26 March Ver Tele in Spanish. Archived from the original on 10 March Archived from the original on 26 August Retrieved 26 August Archived from the original on 15 December Retrieved 15 December El Mundo.
Archived from the original on 26 October Retrieved 18 November Where is Elite set? Retrieved 22 December Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 April Retrieved 16 April Out Magazine. Archived from the original on 13 May Retrieved 13 May Retrieved 14 May The Express Tribune.
Archived from the original on 25 September Retrieved 27 September Lifestyle Asia. Archived from the original on 27 September Archived from the original on 5 February Retrieved 5 February Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 25 May Retrieved 25 May The Daily Beast.
The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 23 October Grazia Middle East. Archived from the original on 30 July Archived from the original on 7 February Archived from the original on 6 July Archived from the original on 8 April Archived from the original on 6 May Archived from the original on 24 November Retrieved 24 November Archived from the original on 18 January
The series is set in Las Encinas, a fictional elite high school and revolves around the relationships between three working-class students enrolled at the Una sociedad meritocrática –que se corresponde con la visión utópica de una sociedad de mercado– es una sociedad que, al menos en principio La meritocracia es fundamentalmente la idea de organizar la sociedad como si fuera una carrera en la que gana el mejor (el más talentoso, el más trabajador)